Your thumb pain is debilitating. Opening a jar is almost impossible. Your doctor thinks your CMC joint is injured. What is the CMC joint? What are the 5 most common sources of CMC joint Pain? What is CMC joint osteoarthritis? What causes it? What are the symptoms of CMC joint arthritis? How is CMC joint arthritis diagnosed? What factors affect the stability of the CMC joint? What are the treatment options? What are the complications associated with CMC joint surgery? Is there an effective CMC surgery alternative? Let’s dig in.
What Is the CMC Joint? (Thumb Joint)
The hand is composed of 27 bones that can be divided into two major groups. The carpal and metacarpal bones. They are illustrated to the right.
The thumb is also referred to as the CMC joint. It is composed of two bones. The Carpal bone is denoted by the letter C. The second bone, the MC is the MetaCarpal bone. So your thumb is made up of the Carpal and MetaCarpal bones that come together and form a joint. The joint is lined with cartilage which allows the two bones to slide smoothly against one another. The thumb joint is held together by multiple thick ligaments. Ligaments are thick pieces of connective tissue that connect one bone to another. This joint is a saddle-shaped joint that experiences significant forces through activities of daily living. For example, think of the forces required to open a stubborn jar. These forces along with the unique shape make the CMC joint vulnerable to injury (1).
What Are the 5 Major Causes of CMC Joint Pain? (Thumb Pain)
Thumb pain can be debilitating making simple daily chores almost impossible. Common causes of thumb pain include:
Osteoarthritis
Up to 15% of the population older than 30 years suffers from CMC joint arthritis (2). In patients older than 75 years, thumb arthritis has a prevalence of 25% in men and 49% in women. For more information please see the section below.
Fracture
A fracture can occur in the carpal or metacarpal bone. Direct stress, such as from a fall is the most common cause. CMC fractures account for 4% of all hand fractures (3).
Tendon Injuries
Tendons are thick pieces of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone. There are a large number of tendons in the wrist, hand, and thumb. Inflammation, injury, or degeneration of a tendon can cause CMC joint pain. De Quervains tendonitis is a common condition among young mothers and video game enthusiasts that involves inflammation of wrist tendons. It can present as thumb pain. To learn more click here.
Ligament Injuries
Ligaments of the CMC Joint
Ligaments are thick pieces of connective tissue that connect bone to bone. The thumb has a large number of ligaments that provide important support for the CMC joint. The most important ligament is the anterior oblique ligament (AOL) pictured below. Also known as the “beak ligament” connects the carpal bone to the metacarpal bone. Injury or laxity of the ligaments is a major contributor to osteoarthritis and CMC joint pain (4).
Nerve Injury
Nerves can become irritated or injured causing pain. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common medical condition and involves compression of the median nerve at the level of the wrist (5). Symptoms include weakness, tingling, burning, and CMC joint pain. To learn more about Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and treatment options click here.
What Is CMC Joint Osteoarthritis? (Thumb Arthritis)
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis affecting over 32 million U.S adults annually. It involves the gradual breakdown and erosion of the joint cartilage. It occurs most frequently in the hands, hips, and knees. CMC joint osteoarthritis is a chronic, painful condition that involves the breakdown of the cartilage in the thumb. CMC joint osteoarthritis has 4 major stages based on severity. This is illustrated in the x-rays to the right (6).
Thumb x-rays illustrating progressive CMC joint arthritis
Stage 1: Subtle thumb space widening. Image A.
Stage 2: Subtle thumb space narrowing, bone spurs, and loose bodies < 2mm. Image B.
Stage 3: Advanced thumb space narrowing, bone spurs, and loose bodies > 2mm
Stage 4: Advanced thumb space narrowing, bone spurs, loose bodies, and arthritis in the neighboring hand joints. Image D
What Causes CMC Joint Arthritis? (Continued Wear & Tear)
CMC joint arthritis is caused principally by many years of using the hand and thumb. Some refer to it as “wear and tear” type arthritis. This condition may be more likely if you have, do, or are:
Regular, repetitive stress on thumb joint
History of prior thumb surgery
History of loose or damaged ligaments
Misalignment of the thumb bones
Women and past menopause (7)
History of hypermobility such as patients with EDS
Advanced age
Family history (8)
Smoking (8)
To learn more about CMC joint arthritis please click here.
What Are the Symptoms of CMC Joint Osteoarthritis? (Pain)
CMC joint osteoarthritis can cause a number of different symptoms. The most common include.
Thumb Pain
Pain is the most common symptom and is typically located at the base of the thumb. It can be intermittent or constant. It is aggravated by gripping, grasping, and pinching activities.
Thumb Weakness
Loss of thumb strength is common. Unscrewing jar tops or turning doorknobs can be almost impossible.
Swelling
The CMC joint can become swollen and red after repetitive activities.
Popping and Grinding
Movement of the CMC joint oftentimes causes audible popping and grinding
Reduced Range of Motion
Loss of cartilage, laxity of the ligament, bone spurs, and muscle weakness cause a reduced range of motion in the CMC joint.
Hand Ligament Pain
Our hands are critical to everything we do. The hand is composed of 27 bones which are kept together by ligaments. Ligaments are thick bands of connective tissue that connect one bone to another. They provide important stability. Ligaments are susceptible to injury which is called a sprain. Approximately 25% of all sports-related injuries involve the hand or wrist (1). Ligament injuries are graded from one to three based upon their severity. – Grade 1: Is a partial sprain without instability. – Grade 2: Intermediate sprain with partial thickness tear of the ligament – Grade 3: Complete tear of the ligament. There are numerous ligaments in the hand…
Hand stiffness can make simple tasks overwhelming. Why are my hands stiff in the morning? What are the treatment options for hand stiff in the morning? Are there new, natural treatment options to treat hands that are stiff in the morning? Our hands are central to virtually everything we do. Stiffness can compromise function and cause pain. What are the causes of hand stiffness in the morning? There are many which include: excessive daily wear and tear, medications that can cause hand swelling and stiffness. Common examples include hormones, calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure, steroids, anti-depressants, and NSAIDs, Diets high in salt, alcohol, and trauma.
Thumb pain can be disabling. A general understanding of the anatomy of the wrist and hand helps one understand possible sources of thumb pain. There are many bones in the hand but for this discussion, we will limit it to two major groups: the carpals and metacarpals. The carpals are eight small bones bound in two rows of four bones each. The metacarpals are five in number and make up our palm region. They lie between the carpals and the fingers (phalanges). The joint space between the carpal bones and the proximal base of the metacarpals make up the CMC (carpometacarpal) joint.
How Is CMC Joint Arthritis Diagnosed? (Physical Exam)
A detailed history and physical examination are essential and typically all that is needed for the diagnosis of CMC joint arthritis. On examination, the CMC joint is oftentimes tender to the touch. A reduced range of motion is common. Special maneuvers such as the “grind” test are often performed (9).
X-rays are useful as they will identify areas of arthritis and misalignment. There are 4 distinct stages of CMC joint arthritis based upon the severity of arthritis.
Ultrasound is a powerful diagnostic tool. It can assess the joint space and cartilage and therefore the severity of the CMC joint arthritis. It can also evaluate the ligaments and stability of the joint.
What Factors Affect the Stability of the CMC Joint? (Ligaments)
The stability of the CMC joint is dependent upon two principal factors.
Ligaments
There are a large number of ligaments in the thumb. Ligaments are thick pieces of connective tissue that connect one bone to another. If injured, stretched, or weakened the CMC joint can become unstable. The results in additional movement of the carpal and metacarpal bones. It is similar to the lug nuts on your car’s wheel. If the lug nuts are loose there is additional movement in the wheel and tire. This additional movement results in abnormal wear and tear in the tire tread and a shortened tread life. So too with the CMC joint. Injured, stretched, or damaged thumb ligaments lead to instability which in turn leads to additional CMC joint injuries including arthritis, tendon, and ligament problems.
At the Centeno-Schultz Clinic, we utilize ultrasound guidance to evaluate and treat CMC joint pain. To see an ultrasound of the thumb joint please click on the video below. The carpal bone is in the middle whereas the metacarpal bone is to the right in this video.
Muscles
There are multiple small muscles in the thumb and wrist. Muscles keep the thumb and wrist bones in alignment. In doing so they provide important support for the CMC joint. Muscle weakness can lead to CMC joint instability. Common causes of muscle weakness include neuromuscular disorders such as multiple sclerosis, thyroid disease, electrolyte imbalances, peripheral neuropathy, and bulging or herniation of discs in the neck. At the Centeno-Schultz Clinic patients with CMC joint arthritis routinely have a neck x-ray to evaluate possible neck injuries that may be contributing to CMC joint pain. To learn more about the connection between the neck and CMC joint pain please click here.
Treatment for CMC Joint Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a chronic, progressive condition. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms. Treatment varies and is dependent upon the severity of the injury and current symptoms. The three principal treatments for CMC joint pain are conservative care, steroid injections, and surgery.
Conservative Treatment
When appropriate first-line treatment should be conservative therapy. Options include NSAIDs, heat, ice, bracing, low-dose narcotics, physical and occupational therapy, acupuncture, and chiropractic care.
Steroid Injections
If conservative treatment fails patients are oftentimes referred for steroid injections. Steroids are powerful anti-inflammatory agents but also have significant side effects which injury to the ligaments and cartilage. Because of their negative side effects, steroid injections for CMC joint pain should be avoided.
There are many surgical techniques available to treat CMC joint pain and arthritis when conservative measures have failed (10). Options include shaving one or more of the CMC joint bones which is called an osteotomy. Surgeons can also remove a bone that typically involves the trapezium bone (11). Ligament reconstruction is helpful for those individuals with no cartilage loss. For advanced CMC joint arthritis orthopedic surgeons often times recommend total joint replacement or fusion.
To learn more about CMC joint anatomy and the sources of CMC joint pain please click on the video below.
Perc-CMC – Alternative to CMC Joint Surgery
Meet the Percutaneous Carpalmetacarpal Arthroplastly (or the “Perc-CMC Arthroplasty” for short), the innovative Regenexx procedure for the treatment of CMC joint that helps preserve function, mobility, and decrease pain by using image guided injections to place bone marrow concentrate containing stem cells and/or PRP to facilitate recovery from OA. It is the trusted alternative to CMC joint surgery.
It has been successful in the treatment of many disorders including neck, shoulder, knee, and ankle pain. Dr. Centeno recently published an article in The Journal of Prolotherapy in which he discusses the use of x-ray guidance with prolotherapy. This ensures that the injection is in the correct place to maximize clinical results. Dr. Centeno discusses the use of prolotherapy for the treatment of neck, knee, sacroiliac joint, ankle, ischial tuberosity, and shoulder pain. At the Centeno-Schultz Clinic x-ray guided prolotherapy is just one of the therapies utilized in the successful treatment of pain. Regenerative injection therapy (RIT) or prolotherapy…
PRP is short for platelet-rich plasma, and it is autologous blood with concentrations of platelets above baseline values. The potential benefit of platelet-rich plasma has received considerable interest due to the appeal of a simple, safe, and minimally invasive method of applying growth factors. PRP treatments are a form of regenerative medicine that utilizes the blood healing factors to help the body repair itself by means of injecting PRP into the damaged tissue. In regenerative orthopedics, it is typically used for the treatment of muscle strains, tears, ligament and tendon tears, minor arthritis, and joint instability. There have been more than 30 randomized controlled trials of PRP…
What Are the Complications Associated with CMC Joint Surgery?
Complications exist and vary depending upon the severity of the underlying CMC joint arthritis, co-existing health problems, and the specific surgery (12). Complications include:
Bleeding
Infection
Nerve Injury
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Pain
Swelling
Alternatives to Thumb Surgery
At the Centeno-Schultz Clinic, we are experts in the non-surgical treatment of thumb pain. Treatment options include PRP, bone marrow concentrate (BMC) containing stem cells, and adipose grafts. PRP stands for platelet-rich plasma which is rich in growth factors that can increase blood flow and decrease inflammation. Stem cells accelerate healing by recruiting local and remote repair cells. Our results are impressive and can be reviewed by clicking here.
We have also published our results using a patient’s own bone marrow concentrate to treat thumb pain and arthritis (13). The results are noteworthy as patients noted an increase both in strength and range of motion after stem cell injections.
The procedures are challenging and can not be performed by your PCP or orthopedic surgeon. To watch an ultrasound-guided hand and thumb injection at the Centeno-Schultz Clinic please click on the video below.
In Conclusion
The thumb is also known as the CMC joint. It is where the Carpal bone meets the Metacarpal bone to form a joint. The 5 major causes of CMC joint pain include osteoarthritis, fractures, tendon injuries, ligament injuries, and nerve problems. Thumb osteoarthritis is common and involves the breakdown of the joint cartilage. There are 4 distinct stages based upon severity. CMC joint arthritis is due to continued wear and tear of the thumb. Risk factors include repetitive stress on the joint, history of prior thumb surgery, loose or damaged ligaments, history of hypermobility, advanced age, family history, smoking, and female gender who are postmenopausal. The most common symptoms of CMC joint osteoarthritis include thumb pain, weakness, swelling, popping and grinding, and reduced range of motion. CMC joint osteoarthritis is diagnosed by history, physical examination, and x-rays. Ligaments and muscles are the two key factors that affect joint stability in the thumb. Treatment options for CMC joint osteoarthritis include conservative care, steroid injections, and surgery. Steroids are toxic to cartilage and supporting ligaments and should be avoided. Many different types of surgery exist and include shaving bones, removing bones, ligament reconstruction, joint replacement, and fusion. Surgical complications include bleeding, infection, nerve injury, pain, and swelling.
PRP and bone marrow concentrate are effective alternatives to both surgery and steroid injections. The Centeno-Schultz Clinic are experts in the treatment of CMC joint pain. Our outcomes are all tracked and we have published our results. PRP and BMC allow patients to use the healing power inherent in their own bodies and avoid the complications associated with steroid injections and surgery.
If you or a loved one suffers from thumb pain please schedule a telemedicine consultation to learn about the best treatment options. From the comfort of your own home, backyard, or cabin speak with a board-certified, fellowship-trained physician who can review your history and radiographic studies. Thumb pain is a warning sign that you have a problem that warrants investigation. Thumb pain left untreated typically get worse with an escalation in pain and reduced motion. Don’t risk dependence on NSIAD or narcotics. Stop the suffering and schedule today.
Our Doctors Who Treat Basal Joint Arthritis
Christopher J. Centeno, MD
Christopher J. Centeno, M.D. is an international expert and specialist in Interventional Orthopedics and the clinical use of bone marrow concentrate in orthopedics. He is board-certified in physical medicine and rehabilitation with a subspecialty of pain medicine through The American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Dr. Centeno is one of the few physicians in the world with extensive experience in the culture expansion of and clinical use of adult bone marrow concentrate to treat orthopedic injuries. His clinic incorporates a variety of revolutionary pain management techniques to bring its broad patient base relief and results. Dr. Centeno treats patients from all over the US who…
John R. Schultz M.D. is a national expert and specialist in Interventional Orthopedics and the clinical use of bone marrow concentrate for orthopedic injuries. He is board certified in Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and underwent fellowship training in both. Dr. Schultz has extensive experience with same day as well as culture expanded bone marrow concentrate and sees patients at the CSC Broomfield, Colorado Clinic, as well the Regenexx Clinic in Grand Cayman. Dr. Schultz emphasis is on the evaluation and treatment of thoracic and cervical disc, facet, nerve, and ligament injuries including the non-surgical treatment of Craniocervical instability (CCI). Dr. Schultz trained at George Washington School of…
Dr. Pitts is originally from Chicago, IL but is a medical graduate of Vanderbilt School of Medicine in Nashville, TN. After Vanderbilt, he completed a residency in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. The focus of PM&R is the restoration of function and quality of life. In residency, he gained much experience in musculoskeletal medicine, rehabilitation, spine, and sports medicine along with some regenerative medicine. He also gained significant experience in fluoroscopically guided spinal procedures and peripheral injections. However, Dr. Pitts wanted to broaden his skills and treatment options beyond the current typical standards of care.
Post-residency, Dr. Markle was selected to the Interventional Orthopedic Fellowship program at the Centeno-Schultz Clinic. During his fellowship, he gained significant experience in the new field of Interventional Orthopedics and regenerative medicine, honing his skills in advanced injection techniques into the spine and joints treating patients with autologous, bone marrow concentrate and platelet solutions. Dr. Markle then accepted a full-time attending physician position at the Centeno-Schultz Clinic, where he both treats patients and trains Interventional Orthopedics fellows. Dr. Markle is an active member of the Interventional Orthopedic Foundation and serves as a course instructor, where he trains physicians from around the world.
Dr. Money is an Indiana native who now proudly calls Colorado home. He attended medical school at Kansas City University and then returned to Indiana to complete a Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation residency program at Indiana University, where he was trained on non-surgical methods to improve health and function as well as rehabilitative care following trauma, stroke, spinal cord injury, brain injury, etc. Dr. Money has been following the ideology behind Centeno-Schultz Clinic and Regenexx since he was in medical school, as he believed there had to be a better way to care for patients than the status quo. The human body has incredible healing capabilities…
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a medical condition that causes pain and numbness in the hand and fingers. It arises from compression of the median nerve. Dr. Schultz discusses the 5 major causes of numbness after Carpal Tunnel Surgery, their causes, and a novel, nonsurgical treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome.
Ulnar shortening is one of those procedures that is on our no-no list of surgeries. Unfortunately, however, we occasionally encounter a patient whose orthopedic surgeon has recommended this as a solution to the patient’s problem. The patient, who’s in pain and thinking all other treatment options have been exhausted, is sometimes very close to pulling…
Wrist ligaments provide important stability for the wrist and are receptible to injury. Dr. Schultz discusses 5 key facts you need to know about wrist ligaments, injuries and treatment options.
Intersection Syndrome is a painful medical condition that involves the backside of the wrist and forearm. Dr. Schultz discusses what is intersection syndrome, what causes it, how it is diagnosed, and treatment options.
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Centeno-Schultz Clinic is the headquarters of Regenexx, located in Broomfield and Lone Tree, Colorado. The Broomfield is located for the convenience of patients in Longmont, Thorton, Westminster, Arvada, Superior, Denver, and Lousville, and the Lone Tree clinic is meant for those in Aurora, South Denver, Littleton, and Centennial.
