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It all happened so suddenly.  You were running down the field and made a quick cut.  You heard an audible pop followed by searing knee pain and then collapsed to the ground. Your doctor thinks your tore your ACL and has referred you to a surgeon.  What is the Anterior…

It started as a dull ache and now has progressed. It feels like a knife in the back of your neck and is preventing you from daily activities. Medications, rest, and conservative treatments have failed. Your doctor noticed on X-ray that the bones are out of alignment. They think you…

The neck pain is unrelenting, and it all started after being rear-ended at a stoplight. Spine X-rays demonstrated some abnormal movement of the spinal bones. Both conservative care and medications have failed. Your doctor thinks you have injured a spinal ligament. What is the anterior longitudinal ligament? What is its…

Introduction Medicine is highly specialized now.  Each specialty has a series of checkboxes that patient’s symptoms nicely fit into.  For example, irregular heart rhythm with abnormal ECG is a cardiology problem.  Shortness of breath with abnormal chest x-ray can be effectively evaluated and treated by a pulmonologist.  Unfortunately, the symptoms…

Cervical Spine Instability Measurements: How To Precisely Interpret Them It was all a blur. You were waiting for the red light to change when a large truck slammed into your vehicle. You did not see the approaching vehicle but heard the skidding tires.  The brain fog, dizziness, and fatigue have…